ANALOGIES II

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ANALOGIES II (CLASSIFICATION)

In the last section, we analyzed the structure of an analogyproblem; in this section, we will analyze the various typesof analogies.

A. SYNONYMS
Synonyms are words that have similar meanings. True synonyms are from the same part of speech. However, we will also classify as synonyms words which have similar meaning but come from different parts of speech, for example: UNRULY (adjective) : LAWLESSNESS (noun).

Example: PERSPICACIOUS : INSIGHT ::
(A) ardent : quickness
(B) warm : temperature
(C) wealthy : scarcity
(D) rapacious : magnanimity
(E) churlish : enmity

PERSPICACIOUS and INSIGHT are synonyms, both mean "sharp, keen of mind." Similarly, CHURLISH and ENMITY are synonyms; both mean "dislike, rudeness." The answer is (E).

B. ANTONYMS
Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. Just as there are few (if any) exact synonyms, there are few (if any) exact antonyms.
In the antonym pair EGOIST : ALTRUISM, an EGOIST is one whothinks only of himself, whereas ALTRUISM is characteristicof one who thinks of all humanity. Often, however, the antonym pair are direct opposites as in the pair REMAIN : DEPART.

Example: UNPRECEDENTED : PREVIOUS OCCURRENCE ::
(A) naive : harmony
(B) incomparable : equal
(C) improper : vacillation
(D) eccentric : intensity
(E) random : recidivism

UNPRECEDENTED means "without PREVIOUS OCCURRENCE." Similarly, INCOMPARABLE means "without EQUAL." The answer is (B).

Note: In the other answer-pairs there is no clear relationship between the words. Hence, this problem can also be solved by elimination, without even knowing the meanings of the original pair.

C. MEMBER AND CLASS
Member and class analogies are usually easy problems (the first third of an analogy section). In his type of analogy, the first word may be an element of the class that the second word describes, or vice versa. This category can also be classified as "Type Of."

Example: SNAKE : INVERTEBRATE ::
(A) dolphin : fish
(B) eagle : talon
(C) boa constrictor : backbone
(D) penguin : bird
(E) bat : insect

A SNAKE is a type of INVERTEBRATE; likewise a PENGUIN is a type of BIRD. The answer is (D). Beware of choice (C). It'san eye-catcher. Although a BOA CONSTRICTOR is a SNAKE, it,like all snakes, does not have a BACKBONE.

D. DEGREE OF INTENSITY
The writers of the GRE consider these problems to be hard.However, once you get used to them, they can become routine.In a degree-of-intensity analogy, the two words express asimilar concept, but one word is stronger, harsher, or moreintense than the other.

Example: INTEREST : OBSESSION ::
(A) faith : caprice
(B) nonchalance : insouciance
(C) diligence : assiduity
(D) decimation : annihilation
(E) alacrity: procrastination

OBSESSION is extreme, unending INTEREST. Similarly,ANNIHILATION is complete DECIMATION. The answer is (D). Note, DECIMATION does not mean complete destruction; it literally means the destruction of one tenth of a population. By extension, it means widespread, but not complete, destruction.

Note, the degree of intensity in the answer-pair must be thesame as in the original pair. In the pair INTEREST :OBSESSION the degree of intensity is from moderate to extreme; the same is true of the pair DECIMATION : ANNIHILATION .

E. PART TO WHOLE
In this type of analogy, the first word is part of thesecond word. The order can also be whole to part.

Example: ACTORS : TROUPE ::
(A) plotters : cabal
(B) professors : tenure
(C) workers : bourgeoisie
(D) diplomats : government
(E) directors : cast

A TROUPE is a group of ACTORS. Similarly, a CABAL is a groupof PLOTTERS. The answer is (A). Be wary of the pairDIRECTORS : CAST it's an eye-catcher: CAST reminds one of TROUPE. In fact, a TROUPE is a CAST.

F. DEFINITION
This is probably the most common type of analogy problem. Ina definitional analogy one of the words can be used to define the other.

Example: COFFER : VALUABLES ::
(A) mountain : avalanche
(B) book : paper
(C) vault : trifles
(D) sanctuary : refuge
(E) sea : waves

By definition, a coffer is a container in which to store valuables. Similarly, a SANCTUARY is by definition a place of REFUGE. The answer is (D).

Sometimes the definition is only partial: stating only oneof the characteristics of the word.

Example: LION : CARNIVORE ::
(A) man : vegetarian
(B) ape : ponderer
(C) lizard : mammal
(D) buffalo : omnivore
(E) shark : scavenger

A defining characteristic of a LION is that it is CARNIVOROUS, meat-eating. Similarly, a defining characteristic of a SHARK is that it is a SCAVENGER. The answer is (E).

G. LACK OF
This sub-category of the definition type of analogy isimportant and common enough to warrant a name. In this typeof analogy one word describes the absence of the other word.

Example: DISHEARTENED : HOPE ::
(A) enervated : ennui
(B) buoyant : effervescence
(C) amoral : ethics
(D) munificent : altruism
(E) nefarious : turpitude

DISHEARTENED means without HOPE. Likewise, AMORAL meanswithout ETHICS. The answer is (C). Note, AMORAL does notmean immoral. If you commit an AMORAL act, you are not awarethat you actions are unethical; whereas if you commit animmoral act, then you realize that your actions are wrong.

H. MANNER
This type of analogy describes the manner, way, or style bywhich an action is accomplished.

Example: PRATTLE : SPEAK ::
(A) accept : reject
(B) stomp : patter
(C) heed : listen
(D) promenade : walk
(E) ejaculate : shout

PRATTLE means to SPEAK in an idle, casual manner. Similarly,PROMENADE means to WALK in a casual manner. The answer is(D). Note, the pair EJACULATE : SHOUT is an eye-catcher since both words describe a manner of speaking.

I. FUNCTION
This type of analogy describes the purpose or function of something.

Example: MNEMONIC : MEMORY ::
(A) demonstration : manifestation
(B) pacemaker : heartbeat
(C) sanction : recall
(D) rhetoric : treatise
(E) impasse : fruition

A MNEMONIC functions to aid MEMORY. Similarly, a PACEMAKER aids in the regulation of one's HEARTBEAT. The answer is (B).

J. ACTION & SIGNIFICANCE
In this type of analogy one word describes an action and the other word indicates the significance of the action.

Example: CURTSY : REVERENCE ::
(A) assume : disguise
(B) bestir : deferment
(C) fret : contentment
(D) forgo : diversion
(E) fidget : uneasiness

A CURTSY (bow) is a sign of REVERENCE. Similarly, FIDGETING is a sign of UNEASINESS The answer is (E).

K. PERTAINING
TOIn this type of analogy, one word refers to the category orclass the other word belongs to. An example will illustrate.

Example: DIDACTIC : TEACH ::
(A) specious : revile
(B) cunning : steal
(C) forensic : debate
(D) troubled : broach
(E) puissant : injure

DIDACTIC refers to the teaching process. Similarly, FORENSICrefers to the debating process. The answer is (C).

L. SYMBOL & REPRESENTATION
In this type of analogy, one word stands for or represents aconcept, action, or thing. An example will illustrate.

Example: CARET : INSERT::
(A) colon : sever
(B) pie : exponentiate
(C) gun : lance
(D) period : stop
(E) scalpel : delete

A CARET (^) is an editing symbol that indicates where a wordshould be INSERTED. Similarly, a PERIOD is a grammaticalsymbol indicating a STOP. The answer is (D).